Get-Content

SYNOPSIS

Gets the content of the item at the specified location.

SYNTAX

Path (Default)

Get-Content [-ReadCount <Int64>] [-TotalCount <Int64>] [-Tail <Int32>] [-Path] <String[]>
 [-Filter <String>] [-Include <String[]>] [-Exclude <String[]>] [-Force] [-Credential <PSCredential>]
 [-UseTransaction] [-Delimiter <String>] [-Wait] [-Raw]
 [-Encoding <FileSystemCmdletProviderEncoding>] [-Stream <String>] [<CommonParameters>]

LiteralPath

Get-Content [-ReadCount <Int64>] [-TotalCount <Int64>] [-Tail <Int32>] -LiteralPath <String[]>
 [-Filter <String>] [-Include <String[]>] [-Exclude <String[]>] [-Force] [-Credential <PSCredential>]
 [-UseTransaction] [-Delimiter <String>] [-Wait] [-Raw]
 [-Encoding <FileSystemCmdletProviderEncoding>] [-Stream <String>] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION

The Get-Content cmdlet gets the content of the item at the location specified by the path, such as
the text in a file or the content of a function. For files, the content is read one line at a time
and returns a collection of objects, each of which represents a line of content.

Beginning in PowerShell 3.0, Get-Content can also get a specified number of lines from the
beginning or end of an item.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Get the content of a text file

This example gets the content of a file in the current directory. The LineNumbers.txt file
contains 100 lines in the format, This is Line X and is used in several examples.

1..100 | ForEach-Object { Add-Content -Path .\LineNumbers.txt -Value "This is line $_." }
Get-Content -Path .\LineNumbers.txt

This is Line 1
This is Line 2
...
This is line 99.
This is line 100.

The array values 1-100 are sent down the pipeline to the ForEach-Object cmdlet. ForEach-Object
uses a script block with the Add-Content cmdlet to create the LineNumbers.txt file. The variable
$_ represents the array values as each object is sent down the pipeline. The Get-Content cmdlet
uses the Path parameter to specify the LineNumbers.txt file and displays the content in the
PowerShell console.

Example 2: Limit the number of lines Get-Content returns

This command gets the first five lines of a file. The TotalCount parameter is used to gets the
first five lines of content. This example uses the LineNumbers.txt file that was created in
Example 1.

Get-Content -Path .\LineNumbers.txt -TotalCount 5

This is Line 1
This is Line 2
This is Line 3
This is Line 4
This is Line 5

Example 3: Get a specific line of content from a text file

This command gets a specific number of lines from a file and then displays only the last line of
that content. The TotalCount parameter gets the first 25 lines of content. This example uses the
LineNumbers.txt file that was created in Example 1.

(Get-Content -Path .\LineNumbers.txt -TotalCount 25)[-1]

This is Line 25

The Get-Content command is wrapped in parentheses so that the command completes before going to
the next step. Get-Contentreturns an array of lines, this allows you to add the index notation after
the parenthesis to retrieve a specific line number. In this case, the [-1] index specifies the
last index in the returned array of 25 retrieved lines.

Example 4: Get the last line of a text file

This command gets the last line of content from a file. This example uses the LineNumbers.txt file
that was created in Example 1.

Get-Item -Path .\LineNumbers.txt | Get-Content -Tail 1

This is Line 100

This example uses the Get-Item cmdlet to demonstrate that you can pipe files into the
Get-Content parameter. The Tail parameter gets the last line of the file. This method is
faster than retrieving all of the lines and using the [-1] index notation.

Example 5: Get the content of an alternate data stream

This example describes how to use the Stream parameter to get the content of an alternate data
stream for files stored on a Windows NTFS volume. In this example, the Set-Content cmdlet is used
to create sample content in a file named Stream.txt.

Set-Content -Path .\Stream.txt -Value 'This is the content of the Stream.txt file'
# Specify a wildcard to the Stream parameter to display all streams of the recently created file.
Get-Item -Path .\Stream.txt -Stream *

PSPath        : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Test\Stream.txt::$DATA
PSParentPath  : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Test
PSChildName   : Stream.txt::$DATA
PSDrive       : C
PSProvider    : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem
PSIsContainer : False
FileName      : C:\Test\Stream.txt
Stream        : :$DATA
Length        : 44

# Retrieve the content of the primary, or $DATA stream.
Get-Content -Path .\Stream.txt -Stream $DATA

This is the content of the Stream.txt file

# Use the Stream parameter of Add-Content to create a new Stream containing sample content.
Add-Content -Path .\Stream.txt -Stream NewStream -Value 'Added a stream named NewStream to Stream.txt'
# Use Get-Item to verify the stream was created.
Get-Item -Path .\Stream.txt -Stream *

PSPath        : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Test\Stream.txt::$DATA
PSParentPath  : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Test
PSChildName   : Stream.txt::$DATA
PSDrive       : C
PSProvider    : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem
PSIsContainer : False
FileName      : C:\Test\Stream.txt
Stream        : :$DATA
Length        : 44

PSPath        : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Test\Stream.txt:NewStream
PSParentPath  : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Test
PSChildName   : Stream.txt:NewStream
PSDrive       : C
PSProvider    : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem
PSIsContainer : False
FileName      : C:\Test\Stream.txt
Stream        : NewStream
Length        : 46

# Retrieve the content of your newly created Stream.
Get-Content -Path .\Stream.txt -Stream NewStream

Added a stream named NewStream to Stream.txt

The Stream parameter is a dynamic parameter of the FileSystem provider.
By default Get-Content only retrieves data from the primary, or $DATA stream. Streams can be
used to store hidden data such as attributes, security settings, or other data.

Example 6: Get raw content

The commands in this example get the contents of a file as one string, instead of an array of
strings. By default, without the Raw dynamic parameter, content is returned as an array of
newline-delimited strings. This example uses the LineNumbers.txt file that was created in Example
1.

$raw = Get-Content -Path .\LineNumbers.txt -Raw
$lines = Get-Content -Path .\LineNumbers.txt
Write-Host "Raw contains $($raw.Count) lines."
Write-Host "Lines contains $($lines.Count) lines."

Raw contains 1 lines.
Lines contains 100 lines.

Example 7: Use Filters with Get-Content

You can specify a filter to the Get-Content cmdlet. When using filters to qualify the Path
parameter, you need to include a trailing asterisk (*) to indicate the contents of the
path.

The following command gets the content of all *.log files in the C:\Temp directory.

Get-Content -Path C:\Temp\* -Filter *.log

Example 8: Get file contents as a byte array

This example demonstrates how to get the contents of a file as a [byte[]] as a single object.

$byteArray = Get-Content -Path C:\temp\test.txt -Encoding Byte -Raw
Get-Member -InputObject $bytearray

   TypeName: System.Byte[]

Name           MemberType            Definition
----           ----------            ----------
Count          AliasProperty         Count = Length
Add            Method                int IList.Add(System.Object value)

The first command uses the Encoding parameter to get the stream of bytes from the file.
The Raw parameter ensures that the bytes are returned as a [System.Byte[]]. If the Raw
parameter was absent, the return value is a stream of bytes, which is interpreted by
PowerShell as [System.Object[]].

PARAMETERS

-Path

Specifies the path to an item where Get-Content gets the content. Wildcard characters are
permitted. The paths must be paths to items, not to containers. For example, you must specify a path
to one or more files, not a path to a directory.

Type: System.String[]
Parameter Sets: Path
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: 0
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: True

-LiteralPath

Specifies a path to one or more locations. The value of LiteralPath is used exactly as it is
typed. No characters are interpreted as wildcards. If the path includes escape characters, enclose
it in single quotation marks. Single quotation marks tell PowerShell not to interpret any characters
as escape sequences.

Type: System.String[]
Parameter Sets: LiteralPath
Aliases: PSPath

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False

-ReadCount

Specifies how many lines of content are sent through the pipeline at a time. The default value is 1.
A value of 0 (zero) sends all of the content at one time.

This parameter does not change the content displayed, but it does affect the time it takes to
display the content. As the value of ReadCount increases, the time it takes to return the first
line increases, but the total time for the operation decreases. This can make a perceptible
difference in large items.

Type: System.Int64
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: 1
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False

-TotalCount

Specifies the number of lines from the beginning of a file or other item. The default is -1 (all
lines).

You can use the TotalCount parameter name or its aliases, First or Head.

Type: System.Int64
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases: First, Head

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: -1
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Tail

Specifies the number of lines from the end of a file or other item. You can use the Tail
parameter name or its alias, Last. This parameter was introduced in PowerShell 3.0.

Type: System.Int32
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases: Last

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Filter

Specifies a filter to qualify the Path parameter. The FileSystem provider is the only installed PowerShell provider that supports the use of filters.
Filters are more efficient than other parameters, because the provider applies them when the cmdlet
gets the objects rather than having PowerShell filter the objects after they are retrieved.

Type: System.String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: True

-Include

Specifies, as a string array, an item or items that this cmdlet includes in the operation. The value
of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter. Enter a path element or pattern, such as
"*.txt". Wildcard characters are permitted. The Include parameter is effective only when the
command includes the contents of an item, such as C:\Windows\*, where the wildcard character
specifies the contents of the C:\Windows directory.

Type: System.String[]
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: True

-Exclude

Specifies, as a string array, an item or items that this cmdlet excludes in the operation.
The value of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter.

Enter a path element or pattern, such as *.txt.
Wildcard characters are permitted.

The Exclude parameter is effective only when the command includes the contents of an item,
such as C:\Windows\*, where the wildcard character specifies the contents of the C:\Windows
directory.

Type: System.String[]
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: True

-Force

Force will override a read-only attribute or create directories to complete a file path. The
Force parameter does not attempt to change file permissions or override security restrictions.

Type: System.Management.Automation.SwitchParameter
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: False
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Credential

[!NOTE]
This parameter is not supported by any providers installed with PowerShell.
To impersonate another user, or elevate your credentials when running this cmdlet,
use Invoke-Command.

Type: System.Management.Automation.PSCredential
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: Current user
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Delimiter

Specifies the delimiter that Get-Content uses to divide the file into objects while it reads. The
default is \n, the end-of-line character. When reading a text file, Get-Content returns a
collection of string objects, each of which ends with an end-of-line character. When you enter a
delimiter that does not exist in the file, Get-Content returns the entire file as a single,
undelimited object.

You can use this parameter to split a large file into smaller files by specifying a file separator,
as the delimiter. The delimiter is preserved (not discarded) and becomes the last item in each file
section.

Delimiter is a dynamic parameter that the FileSystem provider adds to the Get-Content
cmdlet. This parameter works only in file system drives.

[!NOTE]
Currently, when the value of the Delimiter parameter is an empty string, Get-Content does
not return anything. This is a known issue. To force Get-Content to return the entire file as
a single, undelimited string. Enter a value that does not exist in the file.

Type: System.String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: End-of-line character
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Wait

Keeps the file open after all existing lines have been output. While waiting, Get-Content checks
the file once each second and outputs new lines if present. You can interrupt Wait by pressing
CTRL+C. Waiting also ends if the file gets deleted, in which case a non-terminating error is
reported.

Wait is a dynamic parameter that the FileSystem provider adds to the Get-Content cmdlet. This
parameter works only in file system drives. Wait cannot be combined with Raw.

Type: System.Management.Automation.SwitchParameter
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: False
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Raw

Ignores newline characters and returns the entire contents of a file in one string with the newlines
preserved. By default, newline characters in a file are used as delimiters to separate the input
into an array of strings. This parameter was introduced in PowerShell 3.0.

Raw is a dynamic parameter that the FileSystem provider adds to the Get-Content cmdlet
This parameter works only in file system drives.

Type: System.Management.Automation.SwitchParameter
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Encoding

Specifies the type of encoding for the target file. The default value is Default.

The acceptable values for this parameter are as follows:

• Ascii Uses ASCII (7-bit) character set.
• BigEndianUnicode Uses UTF-16 with the big-endian byte order.
• BigEndianUTF32 Uses UTF-32 with the big-endian byte order.
• Byte Encodes a set of characters into a sequence of bytes.
• Default Uses the encoding that corresponds to the system's active code page (usually ANSI).
• Oem Uses the encoding that corresponds to the system's current OEM code page.
• String Same as Unicode.
• Unicode Uses UTF-16 with the little-endian byte order.
• Unknown Same as Unicode.
• UTF7 Uses UTF-7.
• UTF8 Uses UTF-8.
• UTF32 Uses UTF-32 with the little-endian byte order.

Encoding is a dynamic parameter that the FileSystem provider adds to the Get-Content cmdlet.
This parameter works only in file system drives.

When reading from and writing to binary files, use a value of Byte for the Encoding dynamic
parameter and a value of 0 for the ReadCount parameter. A ReadCount value of 0 reads the
entire file in a single read operation and converts it into a single object (PSObject). The default
ReadCount value, 1, reads one byte in each read operation and converts each byte into a separate
object, which causes errors when you use the Set-Content cmdlet to write the bytes to a file.

Type: Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.FileSystemCmdletProviderEncoding
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:
Accepted values: ASCII, BigEndianUnicode, BigEndianUTF32, Byte, Default, OEM, String, Unicode, Unknown, UTF7, UTF8, UTF32

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: Default
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

-Stream

Gets the contents of the specified alternate NTFS file stream from the file. Enter the stream name.
Wildcards are not supported.

Stream is a dynamic parameter that the FileSystem provider adds to the Get-Content cmdlet.
This parameter works only in file system drives on Windows systems. This parameter was introduced in
Windows PowerShell 3.0.

Type: System.String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

-UseTransaction

Includes the command in the active transaction. This parameter is valid only when a transaction is
in progress.

Type: System.Management.Automation.SwitchParameter
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases: usetx

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: False
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

CommonParameters

This cmdlet supports the common parameters: -Debug, -ErrorAction, -ErrorVariable,
-InformationAction, -InformationVariable, -OutVariable, -OutBuffer, -PipelineVariable,
-Verbose, -WarningAction, and -WarningVariable.

INPUTS

System.Int64, System.String[], System.Management.Automation.PSCredential

You can pipe the read count, total count, paths, or credentials to Get-Content.

OUTPUTS

System.Byte, System.String

Get-Content returns strings or bytes. The output type depends upon the type of content that you
specify as input.

NOTES

The Get-Content cmdlet is designed to work with the data exposed by any provider. To get the
providers in your session, use the Get-PSProvider cmdlet.